The version history of
the Android mobile operating system began with the release of
the Android alpha in November 5, 2007. The first commercial version,
Android 1.0, was released in September 2008. Android is continually developed
by Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), and it has seen a
number of updates to its base operating system since the initial
release.
Code name
|
Version number
|
Initial release date
|
API level
|
Alpha
|
1.0
|
September 23, 2008
|
1
|
Beta
|
1.1
|
February 9, 2009
|
2
|
Cupcake
|
1.5
|
April 27, 2009
|
3
|
Donut
|
1.6
|
September 15, 2009
|
4
|
Eclair
|
2.0 – 2.1
|
October 26, 2009
|
5–7
|
Froyo
|
2.2 – 2.2.3
|
May 20, 2010
|
8
|
Gingerbread
|
2.3 – 2.3.7
|
December 6, 2010
|
9–10
|
Honeycomb
|
3.0 – 3.2.6
|
February 22, 2011
|
11–13
|
Ice Cream
Sandwich
|
4.0 – 4.0.4
|
October 18, 2011
|
14–15
|
4.1 – 4.3.1
|
July 9, 2012
|
16–18
|
|
KitKat
|
4.4 – 4.4.4
|
October 31, 2013
|
19
|
Lollipop
|
5.0 – 5.1.1
|
November 12, 2014
|
21–22
|
Marshmallow
|
6.0 – 6.0.1
|
October 5, 2015
|
23
|
Nougat
|
7.0 – 7.1.1
|
August 22, 2016
|
24–25
|
Android software took only five years from the release of the first device running Android for the platform to become the most popular mobile operating system on the planet. That rapid adoption rate has been matched by the pace of development on the operating system itself, transforming Google's OS from an awkward, if interesting, fledgling effort into the refined and feature-packed offering we see today. As Google looks forward to "the next billion users," let's take a look back at Android's evolution.
Android 1.0 - September 2008
Key device: HTC G1 (aka HTC Dream)
● Includes full complement of Google apps, including
Gmail and YouTube.
● Amazon MP3 store handles music purchases, as Google
had no music service available.
● Android Market Beta debuts with the ability to list
apps and games, but there's no way to charge for them.
● Widgets are present at this early stage, but they're
limited to Google's own and are not truly interactive.
Android 1.5 (Cupcake) - April 2009
Key device: HTC my Touch 3G (aka HTC Magic)
● Android's tasty-sounding nicknames debut.
● On-screen keyboard allows Android to move away from
physical keyboards.
● Camcorder app brings video recording to Android for
the first time.
● Videos can be uploaded to YouTube and photos can be
uploaded to Picasa.
● Third-party widgets are now possible as a companion
to an app.
● Google adds Calendar and Music widgets; calendar
displays a single event and music displays the current song with play and skip
controls.
● Google Talk gets its own app.
● Auto-rotation allows for an easier
landscape-to-portrait transition.
● Copy-and-paste extends from input fields to the
browser.
Android 1.6 (Donut) - September 2009
● CDMA support opens Android up to all carriers.
● Multiple screen resolutions are available for the
first time.
● Android Market drops the "beta" tag and
sees a significant update, ditching the original black theme for a slightly
more colourful white, gray and green palette. Viewing categories allow users to
sort by "Top paid," "Top free" and "Just in."
Developers are now able to include screenshots (as opposed to simply a
description followed by the reviews) to app listings.
● The Quick Search Box delivers the ability to search
the Web and phone without launching the browser or a separate app, and results
begin to populate as you type.
● Camera, Camcorder and Gallery are all now accessible
together with a quick toggle to go from still to video capture with a tap. A
thumbnail in the corner displays the last photo taken, and a tap takes the user
to the Gallery.
● A battery-usage indicator is introduced to show the
user what apps and services are using up the most battery.
● The Power Control widget brings easy toggle for
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, Sync and Brightness to the home screen.
Android 2.0 (Éclair) - October 2009
Key device: Motorola DROID
● Google Maps Navigation is introduced, bringing free
turn-by-turn directions to the phone.
● Support for multiple accounts is added, with distinct
Contact, Email and Calendar sync settings for each account.
● Quick Contact provides a simple way to access both
contact info and various options for communicating with that contact by tapping
on the person's thumbnail image. A Quick Contact widget is available in Email,
Messaging and Calendar.
● Browser is updated with ability to search from the
address bar, save bookmarks with thumbnails of the Web page, double-tap to zoom
and HTML5 support.
● Calendar adds infinite scrolling to the Agenda view
and the ability to invite guests and view attendance status for invitees.
● On-screen buttons are now available to answer and
end a call, allowing Android devices to drop those hardware buttons.
● Camera gains a number of features, including support
for a hardware flash, a scene mode, white balance, color effect, macro focus
and digital zoom. Users are now also able to save photos to either internal
storage or an SD card.
Android 2.1 - January 2010
Key device: HTC Nexus One
● Live Wallpapers bring perpetual animation to the
home screen of Android devices if the user so chooses. Users can even interact
with the live wallpaper by tapping on the screen. (This was a massive battery
drain and a hit to performance.)
● The app drawer now takes over the entire screen when
tapped with a plain black background and a persistent home button at the bottom
of the screen to return you to the home screen. Animations are added to the app
drawer, a theme throughout Android 2.1, which shows app icons bending off the
screen at the top and bottom when the user is scrolling.
● The Alarm Clock app drops the "Alarm" from
its name and switches from an Analog display to all digital. The app displays
the current time and weather when tapped.
● The Gallery receives the most significant update in
Android 2.1, with bountiful animations. Photos appear as piles of snapshots,
and the background is taken over by a random image from your visible gallery
stretched to fit the background. You can also swipe between images for the
first time.
● The News and Weather app debuts along with a
corresponding widget. The app displays the weather with a six-day forecast when
you launch it, and you can swipe along the tabs in the app to move to the
various news categories available.
● Google Voice is introduced, bringing a new way to
make calls without tying your phone number to your carrier account.
Android 2.1, Update 1 - February 2010
● This update adds the pinch-to-zoom gesture — a
feature previously only offered by the iPhone and notably absent from Android,
despite the addition of multitouch in Android 2.0.
Android 2.2 (Froyo) - May 2010
Key device: Motorola DROID 2
● Dalvik VM: Just-in-time (JIT) Compiler brings
massive speed enhancements to Android.
● New API enables the ability to push content directly
from the Chrome browser on the desktop to the Android smartphone.
● Apps can now be installed or moved to an SD card
from internal storage to free up space on the device.
● A native hotspot feature now allows your smartphone
to serve as a wireless hotspot for your other devices.
● Browser adds V8 engine from Chrome, making the
browser two to five times faster.
● Flash support arrives, allowing for a full desktop
browser experience on mobile.
● An Android Market update allows users to choose apps
that they would like to update automatically.
● Notable apps appearing in Android 2.2 include Google
Goggles, which use the camera to do a visual search, and a Twitter app through
a partnership with Google.
● While not part of Android 2.2, Voice Actions become
available between Android 2.2 and 2.3, allowing Android users to carry out
numerous actions by voice alone.
This is the oldest version of Android that is able to access the Google
Play store, and thus the oldest version appearing in the monthly platform
breakdown; 0.3 percent of Android devices accessing the Google Play store are
still running Android 2.2 as of this writing.
Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) - December 2010
Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) - December 2010
Key device: Samsung Nexus S
● The on-screen keyboard is redesigned to improve
typing speed and accuracy, and suggestions are now available as you type.
● Copy-and-paste is much improved, with arrows on
either side of the area selected initially that can be moved to grab the
appropriate text.
● Support for near-field communication (NFC) is
included for the first time.
● Android Market 2.0 brings another major visual
change to the app. The top of the app is now dominated by a green banner with a
rotating list of featured apps, followed by the familiar options of Apps and
Games, but Downloads is now replaced with My Apps, and each simply appears in
the banner with a representative icon rather than a delineated tab.
● Google Books is introduced but still requires that
you go to a website in order to purchase books.
Gingerbread is still found on 5.6 percent of Android devices accessing
the Google Play store as of this writing. Some of the most notable devices that
remain on Android 2.3 are the Samsung Galaxy S, Motorola Droid X, HTC Evo 4G
and the HTC Nexus One.
Android
3.0 (Honeycomb) - February 2011
Key device: Motorola Xoom
● This is the first version of Android under the
design direction of MatÃas Duarte and the first to share a cohesive look known
as Holo (holographic) across the operating system and apps.
● Notably, Android 3.0 is designed for tablets only,
which left Google free to design with a significantly larger screen in mind.
● The Fragments API was introduced to deal with this
break between tablets and phones, which allowed developers to create multiple
screens for a phone interface that could then be displayed together on the
tablet.
● The status bar is moved to the bottom of the screen
and brings soft navigation keys to it. The bar is persistent unless developers
opt for a "lights-out mode" that dims the bar, allowing the app to
take over the full screen.
● Recent Apps appears for the first time, allowing
users to view a set number of most recently used apps and to switch among them.
● The Action Bar concept is introduced, providing a
consistent space for an app's most used functions in the upper-right corner of
the current app.
● Widgets are much more interactive, and let users
flip through stacked content or scroll through content displayed in the widget.
● The added screen space allows the browser to include
legitimate tabbed browsing and brings incognito mode (anonymous) browsing to
mobile. Users can sign in to the browser and sync bookmarks with the desktop
version of Google Chrome.
There are no devices still running Honeycomb; this version of Android
was never open-sourced, and all devices running Honeycomb were updated to at
least Ice Cream Sandwich.
Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) - October 2011
Key device: Samsung Galaxy Nexus
● Ice Cream Sandwich debuts eight months after
Honeycomb and wipes Honeycomb off the books completely. Ice Cream Sandwich
retains many of the design ideas introduced in Honeycomb, but tones down the
sci-fi look.
● All navigation is brought on-screen, meaning that it
is now possible to release a device with only a power and volume buttons.
● Users are now able to create folders on the home
screen by simply dropping apps on top of one another.
● Widgets are now resizable, showing more or less
content depending on how large the user makes them.
● The option to respond to an incoming call by text
message is added, as is the option to create your own customized messages.
● The swipe gesture to dismiss notifications, recent
apps or browser tabs is added for the first time.
● The keyboard and text suggestions receive another
upgrade, and a spell-checker underlines misspellings in red and offers
suggested corrections when tapped.
● Voice input can now handle users speaking
continuously with pauses and dictating punctuation.
● Adds the ability to monitor your own data usage and
set warnings and hard limits for mobile or Wi-Fi to avoid costly overages.
● Music joins Books and Movies in the Android Market.
● Between Ice Cream Sandwich and Jelly Bean, Android
Market was renamed as the Google Play store, and all relevant apps were renamed
to match (e.g., Play Music, Play Books, Play Movies and Play Store).
Ice Cream Sandwich represents 5.1 percent of the devices accessing the
Play store today. There are no notable devices that ended their update cycle on
Android 4.0, so users remaining on it are either ignoring an available update
or using one of the many lesser-known Android devices.
Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) - June 2012
Key device: Asus Nexus 7
● Google Now is introduced as part of Search. It
displays information in a card view that Google believes is relevant to you
based on the information available in your Google apps and via your search
history.
● Notifications are greatly expanded in Jelly Bean,
with the ability to quite literally expand notifications by tapping or pinching
them. Notifications can display eight lines of text and could feature buttons
at the bottom of the notification to take action.
● Google Play services becomes a way for Google to update
Android devices without having to go through the carriers with a full OS
update.
● "Project Butter" makes Android faster and
smoother using triple buffering, VSync and touch responsiveness.
This version of Android remains on 14.7 percent of devices accessing the
Google Play store today. Some of the most popular devices still on Android 4.1
are the Samsung Galaxy S2, Samsung Galaxy Note, the Motorola Xoom, Motorola
Droid Razr, Motorola Droid RAZR MAXX and Samsung Nexus S.
Android 4.2 - October 2012
Key device(s): LG Nexus 4 and Samsung Nexus 10
● Lock-screen widgets allow users to interact with app
widgets directly from the lock screen without having to unlock the device.
● Daydream debuts — Google bills it as an
"interactive screensaver mode" that your device will switch to when
docked or plugged in.
● External displays are now supported, and can target
specific content to specific displays rather than simply mirroring what is on
the screen. You can also do so wirelessly via Wi-Fi Display (Miracast).
● High Dynamic Range photography comes natively to
Android with an HDR scene mode.
Android 4.2 is on 17.5 percent of Android devices accessing the Google
Play store. The international versions of the Samsung Galaxy S2 and Galaxy Note
managed one more update beyond their U.S. counterparts. The CDMA version of the
Samsung Galaxy Nexus also came to the end of the line at Android 4.2.
Android 4.3 - July 2013
Key device: Asus Nexus 7 (2nd generation)
● Bluetooth Low Energy support is added to Android
ahead of the coming wave of wearables that rely on the Bluetooth LE.
● OpenGL ES 3.0 enables improved high-performance
graphics for devices with supported hardware.
Android 4.3 remains on just 5.2 percent of Android devices today. The
Motorola Atrix HD for AT&T is one device that ended its run of updates
here.
Android 4.4 (KitKat) - September 2013
Key device: LG Nexus 5
● For the first time in three versions, a new name
debuts!
● KitKat begins the efforts to make Android better on
low-end hardware, with the possibility of running it with as little as 512MB of
RAM.
● Google Now Launcher is now available as a home
screen, and when it is running, users can simply say, "OK, Google"
and then search by voice or use Voice Actions.
● The black backgrounds are banished from most screens
in KitKat in favor of transparencies, which display your wallpaper behind them.
● The Messaging app is finally gone, thanks to Google
Hangouts' ability to deal with SMS.
● The Photos app, which is part of Google+, appears
while the Gallery app remains.
● Offers support for Host Card Emulation (HCE), making
NFC-based payments or other transactions more secure.
● Truly full-screen apps are possible for the first
time, and hide even the status bar.
● Google Drive becomes a default app as a gateway to
Google's office suite.
KitKat remains the most popular single version of Android at the moment,
making up 39.2 percent of all devices accessing Google Play. Many popular
devices ran aground with Android 4.4 as their last update, including the
Samsung Galaxy S3 and Samsung Galaxy Note II on all carriers, the HTC One Max
on Sprint and Verizon, and the Motorola Droid Razr HD and Droid Razr Maxx HD on
Verizon.
Android 5.0 (Lollipop) - November 2014
Key device: Motorola Nexus 6
● Android settles on a new design philosophy with
"Material design" and publishes these design guidelines for others to
follow.
● Android Runtime with ahead-of-time compilation
replaces the Dalvik VM with just-in-time compilation introduced in Android 2.2.
● Android TV launches, bringing Android to the big
screen.
● OpenGL ES 3.1 allows for even more immersive and
visually captivating Android gaming.
● Android at Work is introduced, allowing for separate
device profiles for personal and work use.
● Notifications now merely pop up as a banner, with
options to deal with them immediately or simply dismiss them, rather than
having them take over the screen.
● Smart Lock lets you unlock your device automatically
when a trusted Bluetooth device (like a smartwatch) is present.
● RAW image support is now available for photographers
who want every last bit of data available from the image sensor.
Android 5.0 is currently on 11.6 percent of devices accessing Google
Play.
Android 5.1 - March 2015
Key device(s): Android One smart phones
● Quick Settings panel is smarter, with animations to
indicate when settings are being changed and quick drop-downs for switching
Wi-Fi or Bluetooth connections.
● Device Protection keeps your data safe even if your
phone is lost or stolen. A thief can factory-reset the device, but it will
still remain locked unless your Google account login is entered.
● Sound profiles are made clearer with specific times
displayed if you are allowing only Priority or No Interruptions to come
through. You also can set the restrictions just until your next alarm, so you
don't have to worry about oversleeping.
● HD voice calling gains official support.
● Dual-SIM support is now officially part of Android
as well.
Android 5.1 is on just 0.8 percent of all Android devices accessing
Google Play.
